the main discussions of MA remedy course fall 1401

First session 17 Meher= 9 October

Teaching English as a foreign language
TEFL
Teaching English as a second language
TESL
If English is used in everyday/ daily communication of people and people besides their native language (HINDI) use English, it is considered as a second language. For instance, English in India and Japan Canada
On the other hand, if a language is used in some artificial situations like classes or a university, a factory or institute and all people of the society do not use it, it is regarded as a foreign language like English in Iran .
TESL
WHAT IS TEACHING?
CONSIDER English as a language.
What is a language?
A language is an instrument for conveying/ transferring an idea.

Sender/ receiver …………receiver/sender
Verbal vs versus nonverbal
Verbal means using words sentences phrases in written or oral form
Nonverbal means using body language
Gesture paralanguage, kinetics
Olfactory
Input / output
Encoding Decoding
Convert ideas to a form of a language in a written or oral form
Chael a way to send the message
White noise parasite
Sugar the pill
Information theory

Dances of bees

Larsen Freeman
Approaches and techniques

LEARNERS VARIABLES
Age of the learners
Children teenager young adults
Adolescence
Subjects=topics
Alphabets
Physiological factors
Brain
For children brain acts as a soft tissue like sponge, absorbing/ understanding language immediately
As we grow older the brain lost its plasticity and it becomes difficult to learn new things.
Leeberg Scovel

Sex GENDER of the learner
APA
American Psychological Association
APA STYLE.ORG
Every individual has two hemispheres
Left and right hemispheres
Left hemisphere is responsible for language acquisition and language learning
The female's left hemisphere is thicker, bigger than male therefore they can understand, learn language sooner and better.
Lateralization giving specific function/ duty to particular part of the brain
Learners' sociological variables
Religion, culture
Race, family income family education
Social statues
Low class
Middle class
High class

Learners' affective variables
Stress, motivation, self-confidence
Responsibility, aptitude, attitude, world view, talent, intelligent, flexibility=resilience drop out
Burn out, identity
Field dependent and field independent
Ambition, personality emotional
Focus of attention patient interest

Contexts= situations= places
In foreign context or real life situation people have more interaction, communication, speaking

Concrete vs abstract concept
Experience = back ground knowledge
Prior knowledge

Snow eskimo/skimo
Arab
Camel

IQ
How many intelligences we have?
Multiple intelligences
EQ emotional intelligent
Musical intelligent
1932
Predict aptitude
Different kinds of intelligent
8 types

Cultural differences
cultural awareness
culture = way of life, tradition customs
cultural shock Shumman
The importance of student motivation

1 Aban 1401 the fourth session

Competence vs Performance
Chomsky ideas 1970s
Competence is a body of knowledge about a language in the mind of a speaker. It is an abstract concept
Performance= is the real manifestation of that ability.
Competences
Canale and swain
There are different kinds/sort/types of competence=
1.linguistic competence is Knowledge about components of a language ( grammar=structure= syntax, vocabulary=word=lexicon, pronunciation,
2. strategic competence =when language fails to express the ideas and to convey our intention we use other devices like drawing, pointing to etc.
3. sociolinguistic competence
Who is talking to whom, where, when, why, and under what circumstances
Formality and informality
Strangers intimates
4. discourse competence
The ability to initiate, continue, and terminate the conversation
False starter : Well to tell you the truth, as you know
As a matter of fact
Communicative competence Hyme
Pragmatic competence
Understanding speakers' intended meaning
Using inference to understand the meaning
A: let's go to cinema tonight
B: I have exam tomorrow NO

A: do you have some money?
B: I left my wallet at home.
B: I caot remember my cvv2

What is language proficiency?
The ability to use a language which is independent of race, nationality, gender, time and duration of instruction or types of instruction and so forth.

The role of culture in language learning
Cultural understanding
Cultural awareness
Culture means as a way of life with beliefs, customs, traditions, habits
learning by rote
behavior psychology
Audiolingual method
Army method
Chicago
Mimicry memorization
Mim-mem method
Oral-aural method
Repeat repetition
Memorization

Teacher's talk=mother? Foreigner talk
Care taker speech

We , English Teachers, are working with human beings.
Psychology plays a crucial role in the process of teaching.

Inductive vs deductive reasoning
Teach from rules to examples =General to specific

Teach from example to rules= Specific to general

Teacher's role in different language teaching methodology
Grammar Translation
Teacher's role
Method
An Authority
GTM
Facilitator
Direct Method
psychologist
Silent way
Counselor
Desuggestopedia

Communicative language teaching

Community language learning

Audio lingual

Total physical Response

Task-based language teaching

Reading Method
Coleman
Reading is the base

Participatory Approach

Aha theory
Scaffolding
Cooperation Vs collaboration
Behaviorism:
Stimulus reward punishment response repetition
Positive/negative reinforcement
New behaviorism
Psycholinguistics
Clark and Clark
Phycology+ Linguistics
Letterwritingazad95@gmail.com

Acquisition and learning Krashen

Gray grey generation
Presupposition=background
Teacher's pet

Objectivity vs subjectivity
Moody

Age of language learners:
The younger, the better language learners
1. they acquire a language subconsciously =no teacher= no direct instruction
The plasticity of the brain

Immersion in the environment
Surround yourself in the situations to force you to learn a language

John Dewey
A task, a drill, an exercise, a practice

Input intake

I= comprehensible input
Learning is conscious = needs direct teacher= monitor
Krashen Hypothesis

Learning vs attrition (systematic forgetting that is done little by little

Elaborate on these three concepts:
Method, approach and technique
Larsen Freeman

Through the history of language teaching, different methods were emerged
The oldest one = classical method with 20 century history
Grammar- Translation Method
Direct Method was in contrast with GTM
These two methods have no scientific bases

Two disciplines put hands together to define a new language method
Linguistics psychology

Audio lingual Method
Behavior psychology
Structural linguistics

Applied Linguistics

Behavior psychology=rote learning

Mimicry
Memorization
Mim-mem method
Army method
Structural linguistics

Definition of a language
Discrete point
View asserted a language can be broken into different parts and components( grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation)

Cognitive =mind
Cognitive –code learning
Meaningful learning
Transformational
Generative grammar Chomsky
Integrative view

Definition of a language
Discrete point
View asserted a language can be broken into different parts and components( grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation)
Whole. Unit
Integrative view : language is a whole it can not be broken into different part holistic view

Chapter 5 describing a language
Linguistics is the scientific study of a language
Robert Lado American structural linguistics
Contrastive linguistic Analysis CLA
Finding similarity and differences between two languages

Farsi English languages
Linguistics Across Cultures is a name of his book

Diphthongs
vowels
consonants
sounds

vocabulary

Syntax
grammar

pronunciation

writing

semantics

Culture

Fries the founder
structural linguistics

assimilation in linguistics
the effect of one sound on adjacent sounds
in- not
incomplete incorrect
impossible immoveable imbalance
irregular
illiterate
illegal

assimilation in sociolinguistics

his main work is animal husbandry

Meaning in contexts
Pen
Pen n or verb
He pens the animals
He sent the sheep to the pen. Context

Guess the meaning of words from contexts

Parts of speech Words=vocabulary=lexicon
Get prepositions 234 words get in
Active words passive words
Both you already know the meanings
Active words( 1000 words) refer to those words one uses in his or her daily life
But passive are those one knows the meaning but do not use (100000words)
Function words = perform grammatical functions empty words
vs Content words= full words=carrying meanings
nouns +verbs+ Adjectives+adverbs
Function words
Content words
Article a
nouns = pens

Pronouns he
Verbs go
Preposition in
Adjective good
Determiners some
Adverbs fast

Morpheme
; the smallest meaningful unit of a language
Free morpheme and bound morpheme
Free morpheme= root= stem
Bound morpheme= Affixes
Affixes

Word derivation
A suffix
Infix
A Prefix
Is a bound morpheme
speedometer
Is a bound morpheme
Comes after a root

Comes before a root
Change meaning

Change meaning
Usually change parts of speech

Usually does not change parts of speech

Port=carry porter export deport import airport transport portable porter
Support passport

To attack (to get) the meanings of a wordGuess from contextWord derivationUse a dictionary
Brainstorming
Pronunciation
Stress and intonation
Syllables phonetics, consonant, vowels
Pitch rising and falling intonation
Linkage elision voice and voiceless
Assimilation dissimilation
Types of stress
suprasegmental features

Juncture I scream ice cream
He is a nice man

Go move walk creep run fly
Happy joy cheer fun glad
Understand , know, realize, see, distinguish, get, recognize, detect, grasp

Bloom taxonomy
Chapter 4 page 48
We will finish and work on chapter 4
Synonym
Antonym

Types of suffixes
Types of prefixes

1

2

3

4

Contronym
Cleave dust left
Apology
Weather sanction
If a word has only one meaning it is called ……..word for example Wheat
If a word represent different meaning it is called ……..word. spring reed

Feeling and emotion distinction in Bloom taxonomy

Spolsky

History of language teaching
Originator
psychology
Linguistics

0
0
Grammar translation Method
Classical method of language teaching

0
0
Direct method

behaviour
Structural
Audio-lingual method

Silent Method

Community language learning

Communicative language teaching

Total physical response

desuggestopedia

Task-based approach

Content based instruction

Skill –based approach

Reading Method

Ecelectic method

Wilga Rivers
Teaching foreign language Skills
Chicago University
Freeman
Doglus Brown

Era time domain period

Applied linguistics is mainly concerned with the process of teaching.
The bases of our teaching is to find clear definitions of two main concepts: Language============learning
Language defined differently also learning is defined differently
Different school of thoughts defined these concepts differently

henry George Widdowson

Widdowson: use usage
Chomsky: competence and performance
Canale and swain Communicative competence

Task based approach
Ellise
Task are two types:
Focused --- Unfocused tasks
We are going to manage dorm
We are responsible to prepare breakfast lunch dier and dessert

dessert
dier
Lunch
breakfast
days
An apple
Chicken soup
Fish and rice
Bread and cheese
Sunday

Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday

Saturday

Travel abroad
10 days journey
Start Sunday 10 am Istanbul Airport

Deductive approach in teaching English
Inductive approach in teaching English
Comments on the differences between inductive vs deductive approach in teaching English
Give an example

Long term memory
A lot of data
Advanced organizer

Short term memory
8 digits/ parts

Information------process----data
Number of information
The amount of time you keep those concepts

Span of attention
Amount of time a person concentrate on a topic.

20 Azar

Reading skill

Definition of reading
What is reading?
Who is a good reader?
Reading aloud
A good reader was a person who established a relationship between sounds and letters. A good pronunciation, stress, intonation……

Goodman definition of reading skill
Reading is a psycholinguistic guessing game
Between the mind of a reader and a text
Predict, expect what comes next
The readers collect ideas and try to make different types of hypothesis to understand what the main ideas are

Why reading is regarded as the most important skill in academic settings?
We, the students and teachers, gather information through reading
Elaborate on Communicative definition of reading skill?
Communicative reading is defined as an approach to teaching reading in class with the help of the basic reading strategies: predicting, visualization, making coections.
Reading skills are abilities that pertain a capacity to read, comprehend, interpret ,and decode written language and texts.

A reader a text
Factors contributing better reading comprehension:Level of language proficiency of reader
Elementary ---------------------------advanceGender Age of the learnersBackground knowledge= prior information Culture understanding Ethical consideration RaceReligionCognitive variables of the learners
9-1 interest
9-2 motivation
9-3 field dependence/ field independence
9-4 tolerance of ambiguity
10 readability of a text
Readability formula name three of them
Relationship between number of words and number of one syllable/ two syllables, three syllables
How easy or difficult is the text Printout or hand written/ font and size of lettersPictorial or just wordsColorful or black and whitePaperback and bounding

Reasons for reading:
1 for getting information
2. pleasure = entertainment = pass time

Reasons for introducing reading in the process of language learning:
تلخیص
Simplified

Ideally, we would like students to read authentic texts - in other words, texts which are not written especially for language learners, but which are intended for any competent user of the language.
Reading skills= techniques
1 Scan= reading for specific (certain) information for example find a city in a text or name of people or characters

2 Skim= reading for general ideas for example the plot plan of the story= gist of information
3 Reading for detailed comprehension, Thorough reading = reading to understand well pay attention to all details

Reading principles Principle
1: Encourage students to read as often and as much as possible
Principle 2: Students need to be engaged with what they are reading.

3: Encourage students to respond to the content of a text (and explore their feelings about it), not just concentrate on its construction

verbs
prepositions
adjectives
adverbs

Messages are more important than text organization
Principle 4: Prediction is a major factor in reading.
Guess from context
Presupposition =background knowledge
Analogy
Using a dictionary
Word derivation
Highlighted
Underlined
Outline gets the most important
Summarizing
Note taking
Paraphrasing say the same idea using different terminologies
Alice is beautiful. She is pretty.
Visualization of a text
Rhetorical analysis = type of paragraph organization
narration=tell a story what happen and when
details are not important
Description= describe a person, a place or a thing using a lot of descriptive adjrctives and adverbs to influence the reader= details are important
Illustration= give an example ,
cause and effect,
comparison and contrast= similarities and differences
expository
compose composite paragraph
classification
finger sweeping
peripheral vision
span of vision
a slow reader -----, ---, ----, ----, ----, ----,---,-
a moderate=middle reader-------------,---------,------,----
a fast reader ----------------------,------------------- number of a word in a minutes
silent reading

Principle 5: Match the task to the topic when using intensive reading texts.
Principle 6: Good teachers exploit reading texts to the full

27 Azar
Chapter 8 writing
Teaching writing
Why? Reason for teaching
Writing for writing
Writing for learning

Three important issues
GenreA genre is a type of writing which members
types of written materials
Writing process
Building writing habits

More writing suggestions

Writing as a process or product
Process: refers to step by step activities in writing a paragraph
Plaing ( brainstorming, class discussion,…..
plaing what we are going to write,
drafting ( the first forms of sentences and paragraphs

reviewing revise reedit look again
Monday: give topics
Wednesday; first draft
Friday: revise, review
Saturday: edit
Monday…………(cool off period…..Friday
and editing what we have

inter-rater vs intra-rater reviewer
if you give a written material to another person to review to edit to revise it is called……..

if after a cooling off period the writer himself edited the paper it is called ………..

corrective feedback vs destructive feedback

Write a sentence with the following words

an apple: I ate an apple.

A book: I have a book.

Pen-pal
e-pal
native speakers

stages in aiding students to writeChoose a topicstudents are asked to gather information from a variety of sources Stage students plan their reports.
Stage 4: students write a draft of their report.
Stage 5: students check through the report in order to decide how effective it is and correct any language mistakes.
Stage 6: students write their final report (they may have repeated stages 4 and 5 more than once).
Collaborative writing: students gain a lot from constructing texts together.
dictogloss, where, when students have tried to recreate what they have heard,

brainstorming
why students fail at the end of the term
too much stress
lack of studies
forgetfulness
lack of lesson studies
lack of time for studies
not ready
sickness
hard questions
a cruel teacher= a place for revenge
lack of concentration
bad tests, poor items
short of exam time

A woman, without her man, is nothing.

A woman: without her, man is nothing.

Chapter 9
More speaking suggestions
1. Information gap activities describing- drawing
2. Telling stories
3.faviourate objects

Reason for teaching skills